Criteria for Schools of Authentic and Inclusive
Teaching and Learning
The Institute was committed to locating and jointly studying
schools and communities in which "authentic and inclusive teaching and
learning (SAIL)" occurred for all students, especially those with
disabilities.
We were seeking schools and communities in which the following characteristics
describe the education that occurs or is envisioned for the near future for all
students. In short, we felt the research programs are enriched substantially by:
classrooms in which authentic achievement is the focus of curriculum,
instruction, and assessment, and by schools that enjoy cohesive professional
communities and strong external support mechanisms. Since secondary school
reform and restructuring is only now just beginning to gain substantial momentum
in several states, the list below of indicators used to locate SAIL is a
description of only a handful of U.S. schools. We used this set of indicators
only to illustrate in general terms what the current research suggests be
characteristics of schools in which high quality intellectual achievement is
most often found. It is highly unlikely that any secondary school will fully
develop and maintain all of these characteristics. Readers were urged to use
this list of indicators to judge for themselves the extent to which their
schools are moving in the direction of providing "authentic and inclusive
learning" and to explore the local interest in becoming an action research
school site. Schools with classrooms and teachers working in a sustained manner
on a small sub-set of these indicators were thought to be excellent candidates
for action research school sites.
Learning Experiences1
Students produce knowledge through higher order thinking by organizing
information and considering alternatives. Learning focuses on acquiring
knowledge crucial to a discipline and enables students to engage in reflective,
knowledge-building conversations with teachers and peers.
Indicators:
Instructional tasks ask students to organize, synthesize, interpret, explain, or
evaluate pertinent information in addressing a concept, problem, or issue.
Instructional tasks ask students to consider alternative solutions, strategies,
perspectives or points of view in addressing a concept, problem or issue.
Instruction involves students in manipulating information and ideas by
synthesizing, generalizing, explaining, hypothesizing, or arriving at
conclusions that produce new meanings and understandings for them.
Learning experiences focus on the use of disciplined inquiry, including the
exploration of content, processes, and communications used in various
disciplines and professions.
Indicators:
Instructional tasks ask students to show understanding and /or use ideas,
theories, or perspectives considered the base knowledge of an academic or
professional discipline.
Instructional tasks ask students to use methods of inquiry, research, or
communication characteristic of an academic or professional discipline.
Instructional tasks ask students to elaborate on their understanding,
explanations, or conclusions through extended writing, product, or performance.
Instruction addresses central ideas of a topic or discipline with enough
thoroughness to explore connections and relationship and to produce relatively
complex understandings.
Students engage in reflective conversational exchanges with the teacher and/or
their peers about subject matter in a way that builds a shared understanding of
ideas or topics.
Learning experiences occur in or are directly connected to the world beyond
school.
Indicators:
Instructional tasks ask students to address a concept, problem, or issue that is
similar to one that they have encountered or are likely to encounter in life
beyond the classroom.
Instructional tasks ask students to communicate their knowledge, present a
product or performance, or take some action for an audience beyond the teacher,
classroom, and school building.
Instruction requires students to engage in some form of structured, experiential
learning beyond the school setting, including job/career shadowing, community
service learning, or formal work-based learning (e.g., cooperative education,
youth apprenticeship).
Students make connections between knowledge and either public problems or
personal experiences.
Professional Community
Engagement by teachers, administrators, support service staff, parents, and
others in the school setting create frequent and on-going communication
regarding student learning and achievement.
Indicators:
Core beliefs of the faculty and administrators reveal that all students,
including those with disabilities, can achieve authentic standards if adequate
support strategies and instructional resources.
To insure students with disabilities achieve authentic instructional tasks and
assessments at a level comparable to their nondisabled peers whenever possible,
adjustments or accommodations are made only when a compelling educational
justification is clearly in evidence.
Educators pursue a clear shared purpose for all students' learning and engage in
collaborative activity to achieve the purpose. An interdependent structure
exists to promote teachers working in teams.
Educators take collective responsibility for student learning.
The school retains or has been delegated the authority to act on curriculum,
policies, hiring, and fiscal matters.
The organizational arrangement of the school is small enough to ensure that the
faculty and students can build trust and communicate effectively regarding the
schools shared purpose and their collective responsibilities.
External Support
Parents and community leaders are actively involved in planning and setting
standards for students' learning outcomes and experiences, as well as teachers'
professional development.
Indicators:
Parents of students with disabilities are active and full partners in planning,
delivering, and improving learning and related educational experiences.
Standards for instruction and performance are established by educators, but
supported by and connected with civic and community groups.
Professional development resources and experiences are readily available to
teams of teachers which enable them to explore knowledge, skills, and learning
required in the world beyond school.
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1The Institute's research design is focused on extending the findings from the OERI-funded Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools and their construct of authentic pedagogy (Newmann, Secada, & Wehlage, 1995) to schools in which youth with disabilities are served appropriately in regular or alternative instructional settings. The general categories and many of the indicators in this list reflect the elements of teaching and learning they uncovered in an in-depth analysis of significantly restructured schools.
Reference
Newmann, F. M., Secada, W. G., & Wehlage, G. G. (1995). A guide to authentic instruction and assessment: Vision, standards and scoring. Madison, WI: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools.
Research Institute on Secondary Education Reform for Youth with Disabilities
File last updated: February 7, 2003
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